The anchor. Every other ingredient exists in relation to it. 400 mg is the Tier I target, validated against ACSM sweat research, and slightly above pure sweat replacement to improve fluid retention going into the session.

Not for energy. Not for glycogen. It activates SGLT1, the sodium-glucose co-transporter in the gut wall responsible for the most efficient sodium absorption pathway in the body. Without luminal glucose, this pathway operates at a fraction of its capacity. Every gram is doing work.

Two components added together: sweat replacement proportional to output, plus a flat correction for the chronic dietary deficit most people carry. Low potassium impairs the Na/K-ATPase pump that processes the sodium you absorb. Citrate form chosen over chloride for its alkalinizing effect and better tolerability.

Sweat replacement at 1.5× the literature sweat concentration. The buffer accounts for individual variability in sweat rate and dietary absorption. No deficiency argument, just replacing what you lose.

Not sweat replacement — magnesium loss in sweat is trivial. This is a flat functional dose because magnesium is a hard biochemical requirement at the Na/K-ATPase catalytic site. Without adequate intracellular magnesium, the pump that moves sodium and potassium across cell membranes is directly impaired, regardless of how much sodium and potassium you take in. Glycinate form for approximately 80% bioavailability and minimal GI impact.

pH buffer and palatability agent. Masks the metallic notes from the potassium and magnesium compounds. Not here to make this taste like something, just to keep it from tasting unpleasant.

A trace amount of monk fruit extract, dosed just enough to round off citric acid's tartness and the formula's mineral notes, not to add real sweetness. Keeping it near-zero also avoids disturbing the 1:1 sodium-to-glucose ratio Dextrose Monohydrate is dosed on. This isn't a flavored product. It's a neutral one nudged just into pleasant.